Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, including the pia, arachnoid, and subarachnoid space, that occurs in response to infection with bacteria andor bacterial products. Neisseria meningitidis is remarkable for the diversity of interactions that the bacterium has with the human host, ranging from asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonisation affecting virtually all members of the population. Start studying unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis.
Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord that is most commonly viral or bacterial in origin. This text has been written with the intention of making the sometimes complex subject of pathophysiology understandable and stimulating. Acute bacterial meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis is a lifethreatening disease characterized by an acute purulent infection. Pathophysiology of neonatal acute bacterial meningitis. Causes of meningitis meningitis is due to infection with either viruses or bacteria.
Findings typically include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Ultimately, a structured approach and early diagnosis of any underlying pathology are crucial to prevent further episodes and improve the overall outcome for the affected individual. Viral meningitis is a virusborne inflammation of the meninges, which are the. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards.
Neonatal meningitis leads to deafness, blindness, cerebral palsy, seizures, hydrocephalus or cognitive. Pdf no bacterial disease has undergone a more dramatic change in epidemiology. Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. Introduction to viral meningitis, encephalitis, and. The treatment for meningitis depends on the particular type or cause.
Jul 16, 2019 meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges. Bacterial meningitis can be lifethreatening and spreads between people in close contact with each other. Everything you need to know about pathophysiology at a glance. As you have previously learned, a seizure is an episode when neurons in your brain abnormally or excessively fire from a few seconds to minutes and cause clinical. I couldnt get my blood sugar below 300 with medication. Summary recurrent bacterial meningitis is a rare phenomenon and generally poses a considerable diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and. Neuronal loss translates into hippocampal atrophy and has been reported on mri scans in survivors of bacterial meningitis free et al. Detection rates in the csf may be as high as 90%, while about 50% positive results are observed in blood cultures. Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, in particular the arachnoid and the pia mater, associated with the invasion of bacteria into the subarachnoid space, principles known for more than 100 years flexner, 1907. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. The role of caspase casp1 in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis has been the subject of recent experiments.
In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or h. Etiology of meningitis list of high impact articles ppts. As such, it represents a unique human infectious disease, b. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults pdf free download. Urinary tract infection overview signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, causes and treatment duration. Pdf pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis.
Its typically mild and goes away without treatment. The key to the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is the proof of bacteria in the csf by gramstaining figure 2 or a positive bacterial culture. Animal models have proven to be extremely valuable in the study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis, with the hopes of providing new information that may lead to an. The development of bacterial meningitis progresses through four interconnected phases. Most guidelines recommend dexamethasone plus ceftriaxone in the initial empirical treatment of community. Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis sciencedirect. Assessing whether a treatable cns infection is present in those. Understanding the pathophysiology of meningococcal infection and the principles of management. Neonatal meningitis is a severe acute infectious disease of the central nervous system and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus are the leading causes of viral meningitis, while neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae are the pathogens most commonly responsible. Acute bacterial meningitis neurologic disorders merck.
Early identification and treatment of patients with acute bacterial meningitis. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Nov 07, 2017 urinary tract infection overview signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, causes and treatment duration. Sep 19, 2011 i couldnt get my blood sugar below 300 with medication. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as. Much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis has been obtained using animal models of s. Viruses get into the central nervous system either via hematogenous spread or via retrograde axonal transport, and cause meningitis or encephalitis.
The pathogens take advantage of the specific features of the immune system in the cns, replicate and induce inflammation. Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord that is most commonly viral or bacterial in origin, although fungal, parasitic, and noninfectious causes are also possible. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as. From the publishers of the marketleading at a glance series, and from the authors of the successful fundamentals of applied pathophysiology textbook comes the ideal revision guide for all the key diseases and conditions that nursing and healthcare students need to be aware of. What is the pathophysiology of meningitis in meningococcemia. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards quizlet. Pdf bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Bamberger, md, university of missourikansas city school of medicine, kansas city, missouri a cute meningitis is a medical emer. This pathophysiology lecture note will serve as a theoretical guideline for undergraduate nurse and other health sciences students. Despite the availability of bactericidal antibiotics with potent in vitro activity against the major meningeal pathogens, the morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis remains unacceptably high. This axial nonenhanced computed tomography scan shows mild ventriculomegaly and sulcal effacement. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord that can be caused by several different types of, as well as viruses and fungibacteria. Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Dec 07, 2017 tuberculous meningitis tbm develops in 2 steps. Scheme depicting the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis 1 mucosal colonization and systemic invasion most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as the host mounts an inflammatory response.
Feb 02, 2017 viruses get into the central nervous system either via hematogenous spread or via retrograde axonal transport, and cause meningitis or encephalitis. Much rarer causes include fungi or malignant cancer cells. Acute bacterial meningitis msd manual professional edition. Infection of leptomeninges arachnoid and pia maters and subarachnoid space may be bacterial purulent or viral aseptic may be due to infection somewhere else in the body that has spread into the blood and csf. The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, including colonization of the nasopharynx by the. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis ncbi. Casp1 plays a central role in the generation of mature il1. Meningitis knowledge for medical students and physicians. The inflammatory reaction involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchymal vessels and contributes to neuronal injury.
Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis david m. Seminar acute bacterial meningitis in adults fiona mcgill, robert s heyderman, stavros panagiotou, allan r tunkel, tom solomon summary over the past several decades, the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children has decreased but there remains a signi. Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as possible. Enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus are the leading causes of viral meningitis, while neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae are most commonly responsible for bacterial meningitis.
For acute bacterial meningitis, prompt treatment using intravenous antibiotics and cortisone medications can help ensure recovery and prevent complications like seizures and swelling of the brain. Some of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis include neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance pdf ammedicine. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis involve a complex interplay between virulence factors of the pathogens and the host immune response. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli enter the host by droplet inhalation. We evaluated the data on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment of bacterial meningitis and considered in depth the information from animal models that may have potentially important applications in the treatment of human disease. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis, pathophysiology search for similar articles you may search for similar articles that contain these same keywords or you may modify the keyword list to augment your search. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance provides you with a concise overview of a number health. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. Etiology of meningitis list of high impact articles.
The image below depicts acute bacterial meningitis. The principles of management of meningitis and septicaemia are best understood by having a basic knowledge of their pathophysiology 40. There are several types of this disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal. In persons who develop tbm, bacilli seed to the meninges or brain parenchyma, resulting in the formation of small subpial or. Localized infection escalates within the lungs, with dissemination to the regional lymph nodes. Fifty years after the advent of antibiotics for clinical use, bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Eventually, inflammatory cells enter the csf and release cytokines that play a central role in the pathophysiology of meningeal inflammation. After using the information in your ebook for 3 weeks, it was down within the normal range. Increased inflammation in bacterial meningitis results a higher icp and thus a high opening pressure. A febrile illness with clinical signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation no associated neurologic dysfunction no evidence of bacterial pathogens in the cerebrospinal fluid in a patient who has not received prior antibiotics.
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